A similar spread of BMSB has also been reported across mainland Europe, with the first interception in Switzerland in 2004 ( Wermelinger et al., 2008), and subsequent records from Germany (2011) ( Heckmann, 2012), France (2012) ( Callot and Brua, 2013), Hungary (2013) ( Vétek et al., 2014), Greece (2011) ( Milonas and Partsinevelos, 2014) and Italy (2013) ( Maistrello et al., 2014). It is now found across eastern and western United States, and Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec in Canada ( Jones and Lambdin, 2009). It has recently invaded North America causing significant economic losses in the fruit industry as well as exerting pressure to soybean crops within 8 years of detection ( Nielsen and Hamilton, 2009 Nielsen et al., 2011). The BMSB is native to China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan but has rapidly spread around the world. Additionally, it is a public nuisance as adult stink bugs aggregate in large numbers on the outside of buildings in late autumn, eventually entering them to overwinter ( Hamilton, 2009), and discharging an unpleasant and long lasting odor on disturbance. Brown marmorated stink bug is an insect vector of the phytoplasma disease of Paulownia tomentosa (empress tree or foxglove tree) in Asia and is a suspected vector of other phytoplasmas ( Jones and Lambdin, 2009). A plant pest affecting ornamentals, crops, weeds and even forest trees, the BMSB poses an economic threat to a wide variety of fruit crops including apples, pears, persimmon and peaches across China, Japan, Korea, and the USA ( Funayama, 2004 Yu and Zhang, 2007 Nielsen and Hamilton, 2009 Son et al., 2009). Such techniques are often not available for newly emerging pests, for example, the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The assay performance against required diagnostic criterion and within a quarantine framework are described.Įffective management of a pest relies heavily on is its rapid and accurate identification. We developed a real-time TaqMan PCR assay for the accurate and sensitive detection of the brown marmorated stink bug from all life stages. Inadequate identification keys and similarity to common species has assisted its spread across Europe, while accurate identification from immature stages or eggs is not possible. During this period it is often associated with non-biological commodities such as shipping containers and machinery that travel long distances. It is an excellent hitchhiker species, especially as an over-wintering adult. The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a gregarious crop pest that has rapidly spread across the world in the last two decades.
3Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.2Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.1Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Auckland, New Zealand.Waite 1, Diane Anderson 1 and Dongmei Li 1
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